North America - Health & Vaccinations
This overview covers the 23 sovereign states of North America, including Central America and the Caribbean. It does not replace individual travel-medicine advice. Vaccine recommendations, outbreaks, mosquito risk and entry rules can vary with itinerary, season and personal circumstances.
Important notice
Review routine and destination-specific vaccinations 4–8 weeks before departure where possible. All links open in a new tab and lead to the Tropical Institute’s country information on vaccinations, mosquito protection and health risks.
Country index
Antigua and Barbuda | The Bahamas | Barbados | Belize | Canada | Costa Rica | Cuba | Dominica | Dominican Republic | El Salvador | Grenada | Guatemala | Haiti | Honduras | Jamaica | Mexico | Nicaragua | Panama | Saint Kitts and Nevis | Saint Lucia | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Trinidad and Tobago | United States
General resources
- Tropical Institute: health information by destination
- Tropical Institute: vaccinations A–Z
- Tropical Institute: insect protection for risk areas
Antigua and Barbuda
Review routine vaccines and hepatitis A; consider dengue prevention, sun and water hygiene.
The Bahamas
Review routine vaccines and hepatitis A; consider dengue prevention, sun, water activities and hurricane season.
Barbados
Review routine vaccines, hepatitis A and mosquito protection; dengue, sun, heat and water hygiene may matter.
Belize
Hepatitis A, typhoid, rabies, dengue and malaria in selected areas may be relevant; plan hygiene and mosquito protection.
Canada
Routine vaccines are central; consider mosquito and tick protection, cold, UV exposure and remote-area health access by season and region.
Costa Rica
Hepatitis A, typhoid, rabies, dengue and sometimes malaria may be relevant; consider mosquito protection and medical access in nature areas.
Cuba
Review routine vaccines and hepatitis A; consider dengue, mosquito protection, food hygiene and carrying sufficient medication.
Dominica
Review hepatitis A and mosquito protection; consider dengue, tropical weather, strong sun and water activities.
Dominican Republic
Review routine vaccines, hepatitis A and mosquito protection; dengue, regional malaria, sun and water hygiene may be relevant.
El Salvador
Review hepatitis A, typhoid, dengue prevention and mosquito protection; consider heat and food hygiene.
Grenada
Review routine vaccines, hepatitis A and mosquito protection; consider dengue, sun, heat and water activities.
Guatemala
Hepatitis A, typhoid, rabies, dengue, regional malaria and yellow fever may be relevant; consider altitude.
Haiti
Hepatitis A, typhoid, rabies, dengue, malaria and limited healthcare access require careful advice.
Honduras
Hepatitis A, typhoid, rabies, dengue and malaria in selected regions may be relevant; plan hygiene and mosquito protection.
Jamaica
Review routine vaccines, hepatitis A and mosquito protection; dengue, sun, heat and food or water hygiene matter.
Mexico
Hepatitis A, typhoid, rabies, dengue and sometimes malaria may be relevant; health risks vary widely by region.
Nicaragua
Hepatitis A, typhoid, rabies, dengue and regional malaria may be relevant; consider mosquito protection, sun and hygiene.
Panama
Hepatitis A, typhoid, rabies, dengue, regional yellow fever and malaria may be relevant; obtain individual advice for remote areas.
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Review routine vaccines, hepatitis A and mosquito protection; dengue, heat and sun are key health considerations.
Saint Lucia
Review routine vaccines, hepatitis A and mosquito protection; consider dengue, tropical heat and water activities.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Review routine vaccines, hepatitis A and mosquito protection; consider dengue, sun and tropical weather events.
Trinidad and Tobago
Review routine vaccines, hepatitis A and mosquito protection; consider dengue, heat, sun and food or water hygiene.
United States
Routine vaccines are central; mosquito and tick protection, heat, UV exposure, wildfire smoke or cold vary by state and season.